{"id":1,"date":"2022-08-07T07:47:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-07T07:47:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/?p=1"},"modified":"2022-08-08T08:51:48","modified_gmt":"2022-08-08T08:51:48","slug":"hello-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/?p=1","title":{"rendered":"Mardin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tarih\u00e7e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

MARD\u0130N\u2019\u0130N KISA TAR\u0130H\u00c7ES\u0130:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mardin\u2019in bir arada katmanla\u015fan farkl\u0131 medeniyetlerini k\u0131saca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAR\u0130H \u00d6NCES\u0130 K\u00dcLT\u00dcRLER: Mardin\u2019in medeniyetini \u00f6zetleyen hammaddeler \u201cta\u015f ve kil\u201d olup, eski \u00e7a\u011flardan kalan sanat eserleri ve ta\u015f abidelerin say\u0131lar\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Mardin, di\u011fer hi\u00e7bir medeniyetin elinde bulunmayan \u201cK\u0130L M\u00dcHR\u00dc\u201d elinde tutmaktad\u0131r. \u015eu anda d\u00fcnyada ve \u00f6zellikle Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n etki alan\u0131na giren b\u00f6lgelerde kil, yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle \u00f6\u011frenmenin en \u00f6nemli belirleyici fakt\u00f6r\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mardin bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dil, din ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr mozai\u011fiyle farkl\u0131 tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen b\u00fcy\u00fck boyuttaki birlik ve beraberli\u011fi sergilemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medeniyet tarihi boyunca, her \u00e7a\u011f yeni ve farkl\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kenti olan ve M\u00fcsteriyen s\u00fcrecinden (M.\u00d6. 50.000) beri yerle\u015fim yeri olarak kabul edilen Mardin, daha sonra hububat \u00fcretimi ekonomisinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerdeki s\u00fcrekli yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kendisine \u00f6nemli bir yer olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Hala Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda, Jermo\u2019nun Neolotik yerle\u015fiminde s\u0131rayla 3.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemlerini izlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En erken \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f hayvanlar ve ekili topraklar buradaki s\u00fcrekli yerle\u015fim ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 6750 civar\u0131nda tarihlenebilece\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 Dicle\u2019den Akdeniz\u2019e kadar uzanan site devletlerinin egemen oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerdir. Tell Halaf olarak bilinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Habur Nehri \u00fczerindeki bir sitede bak\u0131r M.\u00d6. 4.500\u2019de i\u015flenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda hububat ve evcil hayvanlar g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olup, teknik geli\u015fmeleri tekerlekli ara\u00e7lar, ta\u015f kaplamal\u0131 yollar, tonoz prensibinin ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek dereceli f\u0131r\u0131nlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle Mardin\u2019in en eski yerle\u015fimcileri, yaz\u0131l\u0131 an\u0131tlardan, yaz\u0131l\u0131 gelenekten, S\u00fcmerlerden ba\u015fka, Akadlar veya Akadlardan \u00f6nce M.\u00d6. 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve Hurilerin atalar\u0131 veya yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 olan Subarulard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n Mardin\u2019deki mevcudiyetleri bilinmekle birlikte, ge\u00e7mi\u015fleri ve g\u00f6\u00e7 rotalar\u0131yla ilgili kesin ifadeler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u015eimdiye kadar etkileri belirtilenlerden daha fazla olmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M.\u00d6. 4. ve 3. biny\u0131llardaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerle, tarih \u00f6ncesi bitmek bilmeyen karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemler sona ermi\u015f ve yaz\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyeti ile ilerlemeler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130simler, konu\u015fma ve hareketler; b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kelime ve heceleri temsil eden \u015fekillerden olu\u015fan bir sistemle ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M.\u00d6. yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000\u2019de, Erech\u2019teki merkezde muhtemelen S\u00fcmer\u2019ler silindirik m\u00fch\u00fcr ve yaz\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 dahil, binalarda da ta\u015f kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu arada Akad (M.\u00d6. 2334-2154) Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131lan hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn dok\u00fcmanlar S\u00fcmer dilinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcmer dili biti\u015fken bir dil olup, farkl\u0131 dil bilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve ilintilerini ifade eden \u00f6nek ve sonekler isim veya fiil k\u00f6k\u00fcne bir s\u0131ra ile eklenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, M.\u00d6. 4. biny\u0131lda Mardin daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 unsurlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcmerler ve onlar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, S\u00fcmerlerin y\u00f6netimdeki rollere ra\u011fmen, di\u011fer unsurlar\u0131n tarihi rolleri hi\u00e7bir zaman di\u011ferlerinden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131larda olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra gelen yar\u0131m milenyumda Mezopotamya\u2019da S\u00fcmer \u015fehir devletlerinin geli\u015fimi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00fcmerler ayn\u0131 zamanda, gelecekteki iki milenyumda Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AKADLAR (M.\u00d6. 2350-2000): Akadlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer Akad \u00f6ncesi ismen bilinmeyen Semitik unsurlar\u0131n tahminlere g\u00f6re az \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir hayat s\u00fcrmekte olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte, evcil koyun ve ke\u00e7i s\u00fcr\u00fclerine sahip olduklar\u0131ndan sulu alanlardan bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f mesafesinden daha fazla bir zaman alacak olan bir yerde konaklamamaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Mezopotamya tarihinde ve \u00f6zellikle Mardin tarihinde 2350 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 tarihi bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak ele alman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok nedeni bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Birincisi, Mezopotamya topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ilk defa bir imparatorluk y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu imparatorlu\u011fun itici g\u00fcc\u00fc de Akadlard\u0131r. S\u00fcmerlerle yan yana duran bu unsur adeta onlarla anlamda\u015f oldular. Akadlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6neticileri Sargon, Rimu\u015f, Mani\u015ftusu, Naram-sin ve \u015ear-kali-\u015farri olup, bu y\u00f6neticiler 142 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            BAB\u0130L D\u00d6NEM\u0130: S\u00fcmerlerin r\u00f6nesans\u0131, ikinci bin y\u0131lda Hamburabi\u2019nin birle\u015fik krall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pik noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde Mezopotamya, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletlerden olu\u015fan bir mozaik idi. Hamburabi, koalisyon unsuru \u00fczerine yetenekli bir \u015fekilde oynayarak, kendisinden \u00f6nceki y\u00f6neticilerden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu. Hamburabi\u2019nin o\u011flu Samsuiliuna (M.\u00d6. 1749-1712) d\u00f6neminde Babil \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemine girdi. Politik birlikteli\u011fin gev\u015fekli\u011fine ra\u011fmen, Babil D\u00f6nemi aktif entelekt\u00fcelli\u011fin prim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            HUR\u0130LER: Huriler eski yak\u0131n do\u011fu medeniyetinin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine M.\u00d6. 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru girdiler. Huriler, d\u00f6nemlerinin y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131na ancak 2. biny\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru kavu\u015fabildiler. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Alakh a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde Hurile\u015fti ve Mitanni \u0130mparatorlu\u2019nda, Huriler en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc n\u00fcfus yap\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00f6nde gelen bir unsur olu\u015fturdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0130TANN\u0130 VE HUR\u0130 KRALLI\u011eI: 1600\u2019den sonra Mezopotamya\u2019da Semitik devletlerin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Huriler bu b\u00f6lgede daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fmelerine ve Asya Min\u00f6r (Anadolu)\u2019\u00fcn do\u011fusunda, Mezopotamya ve Suriye\u2019de say\u0131s\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletler olu\u015fturdular. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, 1500\u2019den itibaren Mitanni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019da Habur Nehrinin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yanlar\u0131nda olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Dahili karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan dolay\u0131 zay\u0131flayan Hitit ve Asurlar\u0131n Mittani Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir politik felakete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bununla beraber, son d\u00f6nem Babil \u015fehir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Mezopotamya (\u00d6zellikle Nisibis) M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131 fakat Phraates III (M.\u00d6. 70-58\/57\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc.) buralar\u0131 yeniden geri alarak Partlara ba\u011flad\u0131. Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019da Roma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fckselmesiyle birlikte, Mardin\u2019de Roma ve Partlar aras\u0131nda bir s\u0131n\u0131r olu\u015fturdu. Nusaybin Part kontrol\u00fcnde oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ROMA \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU: Roma lideri Crassus M.\u00d6. 54\u2019te Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine geldi fakat Partlar taraf\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 53\u2019te Harran (Carrhae)\u2019da yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. M.S. 114-117 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130mparator Trajan M.S. 115 ve 116\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki seferle Partlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rarak b\u00f6lgeyi fethetti ve buralar\u0131 Roma kenti yapt\u0131. Fakat Trajan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Hadrian buralar\u0131 yeniden Partlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na soktu. 165\u2019ten itibaren, Romal\u0131lar yeniden Mardin dahil, Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 fethettiler. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun etkisi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bizans\u2019\u0131n M.S. 330\u2019da Yeni Roma olu\u015funa kadar devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan, 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine kadar, Mezopotamya Romal\u0131lar ve (6. ve 7. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bizansl\u0131lar) Partlar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Sasaniler aras\u0131nda adeta bir sava\u015f alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Partlar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde oldu\u011fu gibi, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n etkisi \u00fclkenin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya yak\u0131n olan Harran, Edessa (Urfa), Nisibis (Nusaybin), Saures (Savur), Dara ve Mardin B\u00f6lgelerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu zaman zarf\u0131nda, Nusaybin bir d\u00f6nem Nasturi H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 merkezi haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            B\u0130ZANS \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU: 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Troya, Antakya ve \u0130skenderiye dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, Konstantiniye (\u0130stanbul) Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun ba\u015fkenti oldu. B\u00f6ylece Bizans yeni Roma oldu. Bizansl\u0131lar 641 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Mardin\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mardin Araplar taraf\u0131ndan fethedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ARAP FETH\u0130: Miladi 641\u2019deki Arap fethinin s\u00fcrecinden sonra, Mardin Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kenti olmaya devam etti. Buna ek olarak, Beni Ta\u011flip, Bekir ve Tamim gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc Arap a\u015firetleri Mardin tarihinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131lar. Mardin kenti Mekke\u2019deki Halifeli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. Emevi halifesi Damaskus (\u015eam)\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131nca, Mardin genel valiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir kent oldu. Miladi 750\u2019ye do\u011fru Abbasiler Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fcfe kentinde, \u0130spanya\u2019daki Emeviler hari\u00e7, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde Emevi Halifelili\u011fi\u2019nin yerini ald\u0131lar. Abu Abbas el Saffah d\u00f6nemindeki Emevilerin son d\u00f6nemlerinde sava\u015flar sonucu Abbasiler g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kabul ettirdiler. Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi, Pers k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n politik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinli\u011finde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 be\u015f as\u0131r boyunca h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            HAMDAN\u0130LER: Miladi 895\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve Mardin\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00f6hret olan Hamdaniler, 10. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Musul\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir emirlik kurdular. Bizzat Abbasi halifesi zaman zaman Hamdanilerden direk yard\u0131m taleplerinde bulunuyordu. Mardin\u2019deki Hamdanilerin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M.S. 978 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam etti. B\u00fcveyhilerin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Hamdanilerin g\u00fcc\u00fc iyice azald\u0131. Abbasi halifesi onlar\u0131 kendi politik ve dini ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131. B\u00f6lgenin kontrol\u00fc ye kadar Ukaylilerin elinde idi. El Cezire\u2019nin kuzeyi (Kuzey Mezopotamya) ise K\u00fcrt olan Ibn Mervan\u2019\u0131n elinde idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            SEL\u00c7UKLULAR: B\u00fcveyhilerin g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131flay\u0131nca, Sel\u00e7uklular Mervanileri (Ibn Mervan) 1089 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nusaybin\u2019de yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131nca Mardin B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi ellerine ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ZENG\u0130LER: Miladi 1127\u2019de, Sultan Mahmut Zengi\u2019yi Musul sorumlusu olarak atad\u0131. Kendisi \u015fehrin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc iyice eline ald\u0131ktan sonra, Miladi 1130\u2019da sefere \u00e7\u0131karak, Artuklular\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131p, Nusaybin, Sincar ve Harran\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ARTUKLULAR: Artuklular, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fusunda uzun s\u00fcreli h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Mardin b\u00f6lgesini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ve Eyy\u00fcbi, Meml\u00fck, \u0130lhanl\u0131 ve Karakoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan, 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na kadar y\u00f6nettiler. \u0130lk Artuklu, D\u00f6ger T\u00fcrkmen boyu a\u015fireti, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Malazgirt zaferinden sonra, 1073 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya gelerek Sel\u00e7uklu Melik\u015fah\u2019\u0131n komutas\u0131nda hizmet g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Artuklular daha sonra Mardin\u2019e yerle\u015ferek Mardin\u2019de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir krall\u0131k (melik) kurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Selahaddin-i  Eyy\u00fcbi\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki etkisi, Artuklular\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc iyice zay\u0131flatt\u0131. Miladi 1234 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra yaln\u0131zca Mardin \u015fubesi ellerinde kald\u0131. 1260\u2019ta, El Malik el Said, Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele verdi, fakat o\u011flu El Muzaffer, Mo\u011follar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek, Mardin hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131. Artuklular, \u0130lhanl\u0131lara sad\u0131k olarak hizmet verdiler. Artuklular askeri bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olup, Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stererek, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve di\u011fer dinlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlara b\u00fcy\u00fck ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc g\u00f6sterdiler. Sultan Salih, Karakoyunlular\u0131n Mardin\u2019i almalar\u0131 \u00fczerine, Mardin\u2019i Musul ile de\u011fi\u015ferek b\u00f6ylece buradaki Artuklu h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            MO\u011eOLLULAR (\u0130LHANLILAR): Mo\u011follular, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe Do\u011fu Asya a\u015firetlerinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n torunu olan H\u00fclag\u00fc, Pers \u0130lhanl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Pers \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011funun b\u00fcy\u00fck Han\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131lar. Abu Said, Arap ad\u0131n\u0131 alan ilk \u0130lhanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 idi, onun 1335 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Pers \u0130lhanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. \u0130lhanl\u0131lar, Artuklular D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Mardin\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Mardin\u2019deki h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar\u0131 Abu Said\u2019in 1335\u2019teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            T\u0130MURLENK: 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, Timur; Mardin ve di\u011fer \u015fehirleri i\u015fgal etmek \u00fczere Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Mardin kenti Timur\u2019un i\u015fgaline u\u011frayarak yak\u0131l\u0131p, y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            KARAKOYUNLU D\u00d6NEM\u0130: Karakoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olan Kara Yusuf, 1406\u2019dan sonra \u00fclkesini yeniden tesis ederek Mardin, Erzincan, Ba\u011fdat, Azerbaycan, Tebriz, Kazvin ve Sultaniye\u2019yi fethetti. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00fclke b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaosun i\u00e7erisine s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Mardin\u2019de do\u011fan Cihan\u015fah \u00fclkede yeniden birli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etti fakat Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            AKKOYUNLU D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (1350-1502) Tur Ali Bey\u2019in liderli\u011finde bir birlik olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin ger\u00e7ek kurucusu Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman Bey\u2019dir. Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n iktidar d\u00f6nemidir. Bu arada, 1473\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Mehmet I\u2019e Otlukbeli sava\u015f\u0131nda yenik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi, Uzun Hasan i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir kay\u0131p oldu. Bu yenilgi sonras\u0131 Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisine girmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme \u015eah \u0130smail h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Safavi Devleti\u2019nin olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcndeki yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu. Akkoyunlular D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Mardin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            SAFAV\u0130LER D\u00d6NEM\u0130: 1508 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eah \u0130smail Mardin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irerek \u015fehrin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ald\u0131. Safavilerin y\u00fckselmesiyle birlikte, Osmanl\u0131lar Anadolu\u2019da \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ellerine ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Mardin her iki devletin sava\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etti. Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren kalenin ku\u015fatmas\u0131 sonucunda Yavuz Sultan Selim, 1516\u2019da Mardin\u2019i fethederek Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            OSMANLILAR D\u00d6NEM\u0130: Mardin Yavuz Sultan Selim d\u00f6neminde 1516 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na dahil edildi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda zirveye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen daha sonralar\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni iyi y\u00f6neten \u0130darenin daha sonralar\u0131 modernize edilmemesi, dahili ve harici sebepler, devleti kurtarmak i\u00e7in gerekli etkin reformlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131ran harici sebepler ise, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, end\u00fcstriyel devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirememesi, modern askeri teknikleri uygulamadaki gecikmeler beraberinde \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc getirdi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki entegrasyonun bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli nedeni de Frans\u0131z Devriminden sonra ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve milliyet\u00e7i ak\u0131mlar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Sykes-Picot Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (16 May\u0131s 1916) ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin par\u00e7alanmak istenmesi sonucunda aralar\u0131nda Mardin\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z G\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015fti. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n gayretleriyle, Mardin, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nden (23 Nisan 1920) ve Cumhuriyet\u2019in 1923\u2019te ilan\u0131ndan \u00f6nce i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            T\u00dcRK\u0130YE CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130: Genel olarak tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hedefleyen Misak-\u0131 Milli yay\u0131nland\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin toplanmas\u0131ndan sonra ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerle Ankara\u2019daki Meclis\u2019e kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin her ilinden be\u015fer milletvekili se\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in se\u00e7im karar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Yeni se\u00e7ilen \u00fcyelere ek olarak, \u0130stanbul Meclisi\u2019ndeki \u00fcyelerin de, Ankara\u2019da yeni olu\u015fturulan Meclise kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in davet edildiler. Bunun \u00fczerine, \u0130stanbul Meclisi \u00fcyesi olarak 1919\u2019da Mardin\u2019den se\u00e7ilen Dervi\u015f Vural da Ankara\u2019da yeni olu\u015fturulan meclise kat\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra, Mardin, bu \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli bir kenti oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            D\u00fcnya\u2019da istikrar\u0131n g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, Mardin, konumu itibariyle yeniden d\u00fcnya tarihinde \u00f6nemli yer tutan o eski ihti\u015faml\u0131 g\u00fcnlerine d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Mardin, ayn\u0131 zamanda Akdeniz\u2019den \u0130ran\u2019a ve Anadolu\u2019nun kuzey-g\u00fcney ekseninden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019ya kadar uzanan ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ticaret rotas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00f6nemli bir kav\u015fak noktas\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hedefine do\u011fru emin ad\u0131mlarla ve h\u0131zla ilerliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya\u2019da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi (Cradle of Mankind) olarak kabul edilen Kuzey Mesopotamya\u2019n\u0131n bu e\u015fsiz kenti, yeniden tarihteki \u00f6nemli rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynamak \u00fczere \u201cKil M\u00fchr\u00fc\u201d eline alm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarih\u00e7e MARD\u0130N\u2019\u0130N KISA TAR\u0130H\u00c7ES\u0130: Mardin\u2019in bir arada katmanla\u015fan farkl\u0131 medeniyetlerini k\u0131saca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; TAR\u0130H \u00d6NCES\u0130 K\u00dcLT\u00dcRLER: Mardin\u2019in medeniyetini \u00f6zetleyen hammaddeler \u201cta\u015f ve kil\u201d olup, eski \u00e7a\u011flardan kalan sanat eserleri ve ta\u015f abidelerin say\u0131lar\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Mardin, di\u011fer hi\u00e7bir medeniyetin elinde bulunmayan \u201cK\u0130L M\u00dcHR\u00dc\u201d elinde tutmaktad\u0131r. \u015eu anda d\u00fcnyada ve \u00f6zellikle Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n etki alan\u0131na giren b\u00f6lgelerde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kultur","category-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":69,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1\/revisions\/69"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.marvak.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}